1857 Coast Survey Chart Pensacola Bay Florida City Old Navy Yd Live Oak Reserve

Description

Preliminary Chart of the Entrance to Pensacola Bay, Florida
From a Trigonometrical Survey under the direction of A. D. Bache, Superintendent of the Survey of the Coast of the United States, Triangulation and Topography by F. H. Gerdes Assistant, Hydrography by the Party under the Command of Lieut. J. K. Duer, U. S. N. Asst., Published in 1857. Reduced drawing by P. Witzel, Engraved by G. G. Metzeroth and J. V. N. Throop.
Original lithograph transferred from an engraved copper plate, folded and uncolored, as issued, on thin paper.
Source: Removed from Report of the Coast Survey for the Year 1857.
Size: 25 x 31 1/2 inches (borders); 27 3/4 x 32 3/4 inches (sheet)
North oriented to the top.
Scale 1:30,000.
Condition: Faint even age toning with slightly darker toning to fold lines and with a small toning spot or two. Left margin is close trimmed near the corners but neatline is complete. Fortunately, the chart seems to have experienced little use, if any, as there are no tears or fold separations. This is a “raw” map which has not been treated, mounted, specially flattened or colored in any way. Overall, a very nice example of this seldom offered and historic chart.
(Note: Although examples with modern hand color are sometimes offered for sale, early charts published by the Coast Survey were originally issued uncolored so it is my preference to offer them that way, thus allowing the new owner the option of leaving the chart in its natural uncolored state or having it professionally colored to specification.)
First edition chart of the Pensacola Bay entrance area including the old Navy Yard and portion of Live Oaks Reservation.
A wonderfully detailed, finely drawn and uncommon, large format, preliminary harbor chart (see
About Coast Survey Charts and Types
below) of the western Pensacola Bay area showing Pensacola; Navy Yard (Pensacola Navy Yard); towns of Warrington and Woolsey; Marine Hospital; U. S, Barracks; Forts McRae, Pickens, St. Miguel, and San Carlos de Barrancas; and portions of Santa Rosa Island and United States Live Oak Plantation (on Fairpoint Peninsula). Notes on sailing directions, light houses and beacons, tides, soundings, remarks and abbreviations for bottom materials occupy the bottom right corner of the chart. This chart was first published in the 1857 annual report and later as a separate publication in 1859 (with little, if any, discernable difference) thus making this version the first edition.
This impressive chart is distinguished by a highly detailed rendering of near-shore topography and hydrography including the Pensacola waterfront and street grid; Warrington and Woolsey street grids; individual buildings; roads; shorelines; rivers; lagoons; prescribed bearings and courses of entry into the main channel; closely spaced soundings; identification of channels, buoys and other navigational aids and hazards; symbols for identifying character of the bottom, etc., all as they existed in 1856 (topography and hydrography). Of special interest, three different ranges (leading light pairs) for guiding ships into the bay, each with bearings and courses for entry, are named (Bar, Caucus, and Barancas (Barrancas)) and shown on the map, presumably in support of navy operations (few Coast Survey harbor charts of the period showed ranges much less three). The Live Oak Plantation (Naval Live Oaks Reservation) is a curious feature for a nautical chart until it is recalled that live oak wood was a critical material for building navy warships prior to the steel hull era due to its density and great strength. This portion of the reservation is now occupied by the city of Gulf Breeze. With the closing of the Navy Yard and its replacement with Naval Air Station Pensacola, this area has undoubtedly changed much over the past 170 years. The population of Pensacola (free and slave) in 1860 was under 3,000 souls. Who knows what other features will spark your interest!
The detail on the chart is all the more remarkable when one considers that every line, letter, and pattern down to the smallest sand dot was engraved using hand tools by a master engraver
in reverse
(as a mirror image) which happened only after many years of manual field surveying, office computation, drafting, preparation of preliminary illustrations, error checking, revisions, etc. of countless bits of diverse data filling many logbooks and computation volumes. For instance, the soundings alone shown on the chart probably number around a thousand but are only representative examples selected from the 42,742 (1857 AR, p. 93) that were actually taken during the field surveys and used for chart preparation. In times such as this when one is able to instantaneously pull up an accurate and up-to-date map effortlessly on a pocket cell phone for any location in the country, it is easy to forget the enormous amount of manual effort, work, conditions and sacrifice that early charts and maps such as this required for production. While these early charts have a rigorously sound scientific and engineering basis and purpose, they are also genuine works of art brought to life by a small number of artists and printing professionals possessing exceptional skill and dedication to their craft.
About Coast Survey Charts and Types
Accurate charts and maps of America’s coastline issued by the Coast Survey (later Coast and Geodetic Survey) during the last half of the nineteenth century - many covering areas in detail for the first time - were essential for commerce, communication and national defense. A large variety were published in annual reports during the 1850s-1870s as a means of quickly providing the latest surveyed near-shore topographic and hydrographic information to mariners and the public and are the printings most often encountered in the marketplace. This fortunate circumstance means that many beautiful and historic charts over 150 years old, which otherwise would be rare and expensive as separately issued publications, can be acquired and appreciated at a comparatively lower price. For coastal areas, they are valuable records of our development as a nation which are made all the more interesting to those individuals having a personal connection with an image, time period or place.
Around the time of publication of this chart, the U. S. Coast Survey initiated a new system of product development that divided the main objective of survey cartographic efforts - maps and charts for navigation - into three styles of execution that reflected relative degrees of surveying and information certainty and finish:
1)
Sketches were often the earliest and least detailed or complete type of illustration and consisted of two kinds: a) progress sketches, which showed the year-to-year progress of the survey work, and b) sketches of selected parts of the coast, either connected or detached, of bays, sounds, harbors, rivers, shoals, channels, capes, etc., based on reconnaissance or regular surveys, which were of variable scales and sizes. Progress sketches were published mainly in annual reports and are of interest for following the serial progression of triangulation surveys, which can be quite intricate, or other types of work. The latter kind were issued for limited nautical use as soon as possible after field surveys but can be quite detailed and contain much information of historical interest, though less appropriate for navigation than illustrations in the preliminary chart class. Generally, sketches were prepared by lower class engravers or apprentices depending upon the level of detail required.
2)
Preliminary charts were a higher quality level of product issued as soon as possible after field surveys, in whole or part, had been made and were used to supply the pressing demands of navigation, pending the completion and publication of finished charts. They differed from finished charts by the amount of information given but not in regard to the correctness of what was given. These charts were usually prepared by lower class engravers known as second and third-class engravers and were also known as second-class charts. For whatever reason, many preliminary charts never reached a finished state prior to the issuance of newer editions based on later resurveys and thus represent the best chart available for the period. This class and some sketches were separately offered for public sale either as engravings or lithographic transfers. Today, they are most often found as lithographs on thin paper provided in the annual reports.
3)
Finished charts, which embodied all information furnished by the survey, included the minutest details of the hydrography and near-shore topography for use by the mariner. Charts of this class were prepared by the survey’s most skilled engravers, known as first-class engravers, and were also known as first-class charts. They were the final product offered for sale to the public and represent the culmination of many years-worth of painstaking effort to provide a complete and high-quality depiction of navigational aids and hazards for the prescribed uses and scales. As a result, finished charts are often among the most beautiful and informative illustrations published by the Coast Survey. They were issued separately for sale as engravings on heavy paper but some were published in the annual reports as lithographic transfers on thin paper.
In practice, this classification scheme is sometimes flexible and muddled, such as reference to a Finished Map class in the annual reports, but the three-class system described above is the one adopted by the Coast Survey for use in its early catalogues of chart and map publications.
Charts were further categorized by scale and use, including the following major types:
1)
General coast or off-shore charts that traced the shoreline over large areas and showed general topographic features but omitted minute details while giving soundings to at least a depth of 120 fathoms to present a general idea of the bottom. Scale 1:400,000
2)
Coast or in-shore charts embracing the shoreline and showing topography of the interior to the nearest main road paralleling the shore with hydrography depicted some 14 miles from shore at a scale of 1:80,000. These charts would enable a navigator to utilize the channels for entering the larger bays and harbors and recognize the beacon, buoys and light-houses by their distinctive features and positions. Preliminary sea coast charts, at a scale of 1:200,000, also served temporarily as in-shore charts pending completion of the regular and more complete series of charts at the 1:80,000 scale.
3)
Harbor charts, on large scales, were intended to meet the needs of local navigation. Scales for these types of charts generally fell within the 1:5,000 to 1:80,000 range and present in minute detail the soundings, bottom characteristics, tides, currents, outlines of the shore, topography of the landings and country adjacent to the shore and inward to the nearest land communication.